What is meant by "separation of powers"?

The phrase "separation of powers" refers to the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches, specifically the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. This concept is fundamental to the structure of the United States government, as it ensures that no single branch has absolute power or control. Each branch has its own functions and powers, which allows for a system of checks and balances where each branch can oversee and limit the actions of the other branches. This structure was designed to prevent tyranny and to maintain a balance of power within the government.

The other options address different aspects of governance but do not pertain to the principle of separation of powers. The allocation of resources to different states focuses on fiscal policymaking rather than governmental structure. The process of amending the Constitution deals with changing the foundational law rather than the distribution of government functions. Lastly, the differentiation between federal and state laws pertains to jurisdiction and authority, not the internal organization of government branches. Recognizing the correct definition of separation of powers is essential for understanding how the U.S. government operates effectively and maintains accountability.